final+project

Final project People Archduke Ferdinand: He was the leader of Austria-Hungry. He was assassinated by the Black Hand which led to WWI. Napoleon: He was trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. When he died, an autopsy showed that he died from stomach cancer. He was the emperor of France and tried to conquer the world. Czar Nicholas II: He ruled from 1894 until 1917. He approved the russian mobilization of August 1914, which made the first step into World War I.

Vladimir Lenin: Vladimir was a leader of the Bolsheviks. In 1895, he was arrested for plotting against Tsar Alexander III. Later, he was imprisoned for fourteen months in solitary confinement Joseph Stalin: He was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee until he died. He launched a command economy. Adolf Hitler: He joined the precursor of the Nazi Party and became leader of NSDAP. The Nazis murdered about 17 million civilians; Jews targeted in the Holocaust. In 1945, he married Eva Braun and, less than two days later, they both committed suicide. Benito Mussolini: In 1922, he was the 40th Prime Minister of Italy. He became one of the main figures of the Axis powers.

Sir Isaac Newton: He was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. He considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history. Olaudah Equiano:He was involved in the British movement for the slave trade. His autobiography helped influence British lawmakers to get rid of the slave trade. Mohammed: Mohammed founded the religon of Islam. Muslims consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, ect. Saddam Hussein: He was Iraq's President from 1979 until 2003. He created security forces which he controlled problems between the government and the armed forces. He suppressed a lot of movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence.

Benjamin Netanyahu: He is the current Prime Minister of Israel, starting in 2009. He served as a commander in the elite Sayeret Matkal commando unit in the Israeli Defense Forces.

Mohandas Gandhi:He was the pioneer of satyagraha which then later led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom for the world. Gandhi is honoured as the Father of the Nation in India.

John Locke: He was an English philosophe​r and physician. He said people are born without innate idea, and that knowledge is instead determined by experience derived from sense perception.

Queen Marie Antoinette: Antoinette convicted of treason and was executed on October 16th 1793, nine months after her husband. She was the last Queen before the French Revolution.

Eli Whitney: Eli invented the cotton gin during the Industrial Revolution. He lost his profits in legal battles which then closed his business and nearly filed for bankruptcy.

Otto von Bismarck: He was a statesman of the late 19th century. He then designed the German Empire in 1871.

Nelson Mandela: He was President of South Africa. He was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election.

Mansa Musa: He was the tenth mansa, which means "King of Kings" or "Emperor" of the Malian Empire. He was the wealthiest ruler of his time.

Yasser Arafat: He was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority, and leader of the Fatah political party.

Osama bin Laden: He founded the organization who attacked us on September 11th. He and his organization have been major targets of the United States' War on Terror.

Hamid Karzai: He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban government. During the International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn, Germany, he was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six month term as Chairman of the Transitional Administration.

Mao Zedong: He was a chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China from it's establishment in 1949 until 1976, when he died. Dalai Lama: He was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China from it's establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

Chiang Kai-shek: He was a political and miltary leader of the 20th century. He was an infludential member of the Kuomintang and Sun Yat-sen's close ally. He died in 1925.

Sun Yat-Sen: He was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun was frequently referred to as the Father of the Nation. He played an instrumental role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China. Hideki Tojo: He was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, member and succeeding leader of the Taisei Yokusankai and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during World War II.

Confucius: He was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thoughts and life. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental moraity, corretness of socia relationships, justice and sincerity.  Wars and conflicts The French Revolution (1789-99): ** The French Revolution violently transformed France from a monarchical state with a rigid social hierarchy into a modern nation in which the social structure was loosened and power passed increasingly to the middle classes. Austro-Prussian: ** It was important because Prussia took French lands, and made the French determind to get revenge, leading to their big demands during World War I. This was started because Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck changed a letter the Kaiser was giving to a French ambassador. He couldn't meet with to make it look insulting, and then France went to war with Germany. World War I: ** It was a military conflict that lasted about four years. It involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances. More than 70 million military personel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history. World War II: ** It was the mightiest struggle human-kind has ever seen. It killed more people, cost more money, damaged more property, affected more people, and caused more far-reaching changes in nearly every country than any other war in history. The number of people killed, wounded, or missing between September 1939 and September 1945 can never be calculated, but it is estimated that more than 55 million people perished. More than 50 countries took part in the war, and the whole world felt its effects. Men fought in almost every part of the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Chief battlegrounds include Holocaust: ** approximately 6,000,000 Jewish men, women, and children were killed during the Holocaust. About 2/3 of the Jews living in Europe at the start of World War II. It was an incredibly disturbing act of racism that should have never happened.ed Asia, Europe, North Africa, The Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Cold War: ** This war began after World War II. The main enemies were the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The Cold War got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other directly. In such a "hot war," nuclear weapons might destroy everything. They fought each other indirectly. They also played havoc with conflicts in different parts of the world.
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Yom Kippur War: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The war began on the Day of Atonement, the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. The war started with a surpirse Abrab attack in Israel on October 6th, 17973. On that day, Egyptian and Syrian military forces launched an attack knowing the military of Israel would participate in the religious celebrations.
 * <span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Cold War: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> This war began after World War II. The main enemies were the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The Cold War got its name because both sides were afraid of fighting each other directly. In such a "hot war," nuclear weapons might destroy everything. They fought each other indirectly. They also played havoc with conflicts in different parts of the world.
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Intifadas: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> This is an uprising among Palestinian Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank. It began in the late 1987s, and continuing sporadically into the early 1990s, in protest against continued Israeli occupation of these territories. Boer Wars: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This was known as Vryheidsoorloee, or “freedom wars”. They were two wars that were fought between Britain and the two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. The first war was known as the “Transvaal War” and was a relatively brief conflict Darfur Conflict: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">This is an ongoing guerrilla conflict centered on the Darfur region of Sudan. It started in 2003, when the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement groups took up arms. That accused the Sudanese government of oppressing black Africans in favor or Arabs. Sepoy Rebellion: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> This rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the British’s army. It happened in the town of Meerut, and ended up in other mutinies and civilian rebellions. The rebellion pose a considerable threat to Company power in that region, and it was contained in 1858. Indo-Pakistani War: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The war was initiated by Pakistan who since the defeat of India by China in 1962 had come to believe that Indian military would be unable or unwilling to defend against a quick military campaign in Kashmir. There was also a perception that there was widespread popular support within for Pakistani rule and that the Kashmiri people were disatisfied with Indian rule. Vietnam War: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> It was a Cold War military conflict that happened in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. It followed the First Indochina War and was fought between the communist Noth Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam. <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> Places
 * <span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Six-Day War: **<span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> The war was the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria between Israel. The Arab states of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria also contributed troops and arms. At the end of the war, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results from the war still affect people in the region today.
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 * <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dome of the Rock: **<span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> This is an Islamic shrine and a major landmark on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It's the oldest existing Islamic building in the entire world. It is known as the Foundation Stone.


 * Temple Mount: ** Judaism regards the Temple Mount as the place where God chose the Divine Presence to rest. The first was built by Solomon the son of David and destroyed by the Roman Empire. The Jewish tradition maintains it is the final Temple. The tablets may still be burried in amongst the rubble fom the destroyed Temples.


 * Petra: ** Petra is a historic and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Ma'an that has rock cut architecture and water system. It is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourism attraction. It's an UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described it as "one ofthe most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage.


 * Baghdad: ** It is the capital of Iraq. The estimated population is between 7 and 7.5 millon, and is the largest city in Iraq. It has a past as a center of the Arab and Muslim world especially during the Abbasid Caliphate.


 * Mecca: ** Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia. Muslim tradition attributes the beginning of Mecca to Ismael's descendants. The modern day city is the capital of Saudi Arabia's Makkah Province. The population is about 1.7 millon.


 * Kabul: ** It is the capital and the largest city of Afghanistan. The city is linked with Kandahar, and it also is the start of the main road to Jalalabad. It's main products are munitions, cloth, furniture and beet sugar. Economic productivity has improved since the establishment of the Islamic Republic of. Since the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the city has been a target of militia or rebel groups. It is currently being re-developed but bomb attacks by Taliban militants are slowing down the reconstruction process.


 * Taj Mahal: ** It is a mausoleum in Agra, India. It was built in memory of Mughal's favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It combines elements from Islamic, Idian, and Persian architechtural styles. It was sited as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."


 * Great Wall of China: ** It was originaly built to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. One of the most famous is the wall built by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The wall stretches for 5,500.3 miles. Some sections of the wall are natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.


 * Tibet: ** It is a plateau region in Asia and a disputed territory. It is north of the Himalayas, and is home to the indigenous Tibetan people, and to some other ethnic groups such as Monpas and Lhobas, and is inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people. Tibet is the highest region on earth.


 * Jerusalem: ** It is the capital of Israel. It's the largest city in both population and area. It is located in the Judean Mountains which is between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. It's the holiest city in Judaism and has been the spiritual center of the Jewish people. Jerusalem is also considered a holy city in Christianity and contains a number of significant Christian sites, and due to the mentioning of the 'The Farthest Mosque' in the Qur'an and the subsequent building of a mosque called 'the Farthest Mosque' on the Temple Mount, Islam regards Jerusalem as its third-holiest city.


 * Amritsar: ** It is a city in the northwestern part of India. It’s the administrative headquarters of Amritsar district in the state of Punjab, India. The 2001 Indian census reported the population of the city to be over 1,500,000, with that of the entire district numbering just over 3,695,077. Amritsar is 20 miles east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan. Amritsar is home to the Harmandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, the spiritual and cultural center of the Sikh religion.


 * Hiroshima: ** It's the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Ch <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ū <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">goku region of western Honsh <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ū <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, the largest island of Japan. It became the first city in history destroyed by a nuclear weapon when the United States of America dropped an atomic bomb on it at on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II. Hiroshima gained municipality status on April 1, 1889, and on April 1, 1980, became a designated city. The city's current mayor is Tadatoshi Akiba.


 * Berlin: ** It is the capital city and one of 16 states of Germany. Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metopolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.


 * Bastille: ** It was a fortress-prison in Paris, known formally as Bastille Saint-Antoine. Best known today because of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, which along with the Tennis Court Oath is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. The event was commemorated one year later. The French national holiday, celebrated annually on 14 July is officially the Fête Nationale, and officially commemorates the Fête de la Fédération, but it is commonly known in English as Bastille Day.


 * Auschwitz: ** It was concentration and extermination camps built and operated in occupied Poland by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. It was the largest of the German concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I, or main camp, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz, also known as Buna-Monowitz, a labor camp, and 45 satellite camps. Auschwitz is the German name for O <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ś <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">wi <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ę <span style="background: aqua; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">cim, the town the camps were located in and around; it was renamed by the Germans after they invaded Poland in September 1939. Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka (birch tree), refers to a small Polish village nearby that was mostly destroyed by the Germans to make way for the camp.


 * Forbidden City: ** This was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five hundred years, it served as the home of emperors and their households, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government. The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere.


 * Cliffs of Normandy: ** It is mirrored by those of the English coast of Dover, pointing to their shared geological origin, no other section of the French shoreline resembles the unique breathtaking seascape of La Côte d'Albâtre-the Alabaster Coast. The section around Fécamp also goes by the poetic name of le Pays des Hautes Falaises (high cliff country) conjuring up the flavor of salty air and the shrieks of circling gulls. <span style="background: yellow; color: black; font-family: 'AR JULIAN'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">

Religion Christianity-Believe in Jesus who is the son of god and the savior. Believe that Jesus is the messiah. All Jews are Christianity. Christianity represents about a quarter to a third of the world’s population and is the world’s largest religion. Hinduism-It is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founders. Among its roots is the historical Vedic religion of Iron Age India, and such Hinduism is often called the " oldest living religion".

Buddhism-It is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama.

Confusiasm-It is a Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought.

Islam-It is the Abrahamic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be th verbatim word to the one in comparable god.

Judaism-Is the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jewish people. Originating in the Hebrew Bible.